In Bangladesh, one of the world’s most climate-vulnerable nations, rural communities face growing devastation as extreme weather events like cyclones, floods, and typhoons become increasingly frequent and severe. In rural areas, the impact is especially harsh; families often live in traditional housing that cannot withstand these escalating storms. While concrete and brick structures could offer some protection, the high costs make these options unattainable for low-income populations. Moreover, reliance on such materials exacerbates environmental degradation, further destabilizing already fragile ecosystems strained by climate change.
Amid these challenges, a group of local innovators and volunteers in rural Dinajpur is developing a sustainable alternative that combines resilient architecture with ecological responsibility. Drawing on vernacular building techniques, they design homes using locally sourced materials such as mud, bamboo, and indigenous construction methods. These designs incorporate technical improvements, including cross-bracing, customized foundations for bamboo columns (Local name Kaatla), durable joineries, reinforced roofs, and mud blocks as an alternative to bricks. This approach is proving to be both cost-effective and robust against extreme weather conditions.
The initiative extends beyond construction. Understanding the importance of community involvement, these volunteers conduct technical workshops to train local women in these building methods, empowering them with valuable skills while challenging traditional gender norms. They also embrace cultural traditions, using folk music to spread awareness about climate resilience and sustainability. Through these performances, they deliver critical messages about environmental stewardship in ways that deeply resonate with local communities. This innovative approach not only provides practical, affordable solutions to the immediate challenges of climate change but also fosters long-term resilience and social empowerment in vulnerable regions.
Nirapod Bangladesh Songostha (SAFE Bangladesh), a small nonprofit organization founded in 2010 by Ajit Roy and now led by his son Apu Roy, is dedicated to sustainable development and community resilience. To date, SAFE has constructed over 1,000 structures, most of which are still standing strong. According to the organization – “These structures can last up to 15 years without maintenance and as long as 30 years with proper care.”
Nirapod collaborates with AzuKo, a UK-based architecture charity focused on alleviating poverty through sustainable development. AzuKo works with disadvantaged communities to improve living conditions through innovative and culturally relevant solutions. Together, SAFE and AzuKo have executed several impactful projects, combining their expertise to address urgent environmental and social challenges.
” Previously, my kitchen was very low and constantly damp, making it difficult to work and leaving me anxious during rain and storms. Now, with this new kitchen, I can cook comfortably and with peace of mind.” – Mukta
Mukta Roy, 37, resides in Belbari Danga Para, where she works as a farmer, and her husband earns a living as a tuktuk driver.
“Previously, I had to frequently repair my old kitchen before I could start cooking due to its fragile structure. Its poor condition made cooking both challenging and inefficient. Now, with this improved kitchen, cooking is so much easier, and I feel truly fortunate to have a dependable space that stays secure even during storms.” – Ronjona
Ronjona, 27, lives in Nodiya Para. She is a farmer and her husband works as a tuktuk driver.
“My house being on low ground used to cause my old kitchen to flood during heavy rains, making cooking extremely difficult. Now, with my new kitchen built on higher plinth, I can cook comfortably even on rainy days, and we enjoy our meals together here. I am truly happy with this new kitchen.” – Kolpona
Kalpona, 26, from Nosipur, works as a farmer, and her husband is employed as a day laborer.
“My previous kitchen was very open and exposed, making it extremely difficult to cook during rain or windy weather. Now, with this new kitchen, I can cook comfortably here regardless of the weather. Additionally, we now eat our breakfast and lunch together in this kitchen. During the last storm, the roof of our house was blown away, but this kitchen remained completely intact, and my entire family took shelter here.” – Bobita
Bobita, 35, resides in Nodiya Para and works as a tailor, her husband is employed as a mason.
Various types of bamboo joinery, cross-bracing, and reinforced roofing techniques used in the structures.
In 2017, Dinajpur experienced one of its most devastating floods, with the entire district submerged. According to the Dinajpur district administration, a total of 621,884 people were affected, and approximately 59,299 houses were damaged. Among the displaced, 41,650 individuals (from 13,156 families) sought refuge in 2,900 educational institutions that were repurposed as temporary shelters. In the initial stages of the flood alone, around 7,000 traditional clay houses collapsed. Notably, not a single structure built by Nirapod was damaged during the disaster, demonstrating the resilience of their designs. ** Research Paper : 2017 Flood, Dinajpur.
This resilience was further demonstrated during the 2024 floods. While the affected areas were largely waterlogged, they were not fully submerged. Anticipating such scenarios, Nirapod had incorporated raised plinths into all newer structures, successfully keeping them above flood levels and preventing damage, even in adverse conditions. Over the past two years, Nirapod has constructed 120 to 150 structures, including toilets and kitchens. None of these were destroyed or damaged during recent storms and cyclones, underscoring the durability and practicality of their sustainable designs.
Bamboo cross bracing is a structural technique that enhances the stability and strength of bamboo constructions by counteracting lateral forces such as wind or seismic activity. By arranging bamboo poles diagonally between vertical supports, cross bracing efficiently distributes loads, reduces swaying, and ensures greater rigidity, making structures more resilient in challenging environmental conditions.
Treating bamboo with a solution of Borax (Na₂H₂₀B₄O₁₇) and Boric Acid (H₃BO₃) is a significant method they use to improve its durability and resistance to pests and fungi. Their process involves immersing bamboo in a mixture made by dissolving 1 kg of borax and 0.5 kg of boric acid in 30 liters of water. This solution penetrates the bamboo’s vascular system, providing effective, long-term protection against decay and insect attacks. Bamboo treatment with borax and boric acid is implemented globally, with varying solution ratios adapted to different contexts and needs.
Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs) are building materials made by compacting a mix of soil (typically containing clay, silt, and sand) with minimal water and stabilizers like cement or lime under high pressure. The blocks are formed using a mechanical press, resulting in dense, uniform, and durable units. CEBs are known for their eco-friendliness, thermal insulation properties, and structural stability. Their production has a lower carbon footprint compared to traditional fired bricks, as it eliminates the need for kilns. CEBs are often used in sustainable construction for walls, foundations, and load-bearing structures. Nirapod also trains women to produce Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs) manually, using a customized approach that requires no machinery. By utilizing wooden logs and frames, they create CEBs entirely by hand. ** CEB Resource 1
With the help of a volunteer, village women construct a toilet using bamboo structures, incorporating cross-bracing, proper joineries, and a raised plinth for durability.
An example of a toilet built with local materials and proper structural support, designed to be strong and durable, having withstood several storms and floods.
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